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Varactor Tuning Element
Frequency Range: 1-50+ GHz
Key Features: Microstrip, CPW Versions, Tuning ratio > 4 at low GHz.
Maturity Level: TRL 5
Series varactors, available in CPW or Microstrip configurations, serve as tuning elements in RF/microwave circuits. They come with or without on-chip bias resistors and offer values from 0.25 pF to 2.5 pF. These varactors also demonstrate a tuning ratio of more than 4:1 and can be packaged for easy integration with other substrates.
Shunt Varactors
Frequency Range: 1-50+ GHz
Key Features: CPW version, Tuning ratio > 5 At low GHz.
Maturity Level: TRL 5
A shunt varactor is used in coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines for tuning reconfigurable RF/microwave circuits like resonators and filters. The varactor’s value, ranging from 0.5 pF to 4 pF, is determined by the overlap area of the signal and shunt lines. With a tuning ratio of over 4:1, applying DC bias through the signal line adjusts the capacitance
effectively.
Tunable Filters
Frequency Range: 1-20 GHz
Key Features: Band-stop and Bandpass filters, center frequency
and bandwidth tuning
Maturity Level: TRL 4
This innovative wideband filter uses a zigzag CPW resonator with a Microstrip-CPW coupling. The filter’s bandwidth and center frequency can be tuned using a stub and a shunted varactor. Designed for Ku band and 5G applications, these chip-scale filters offer a passband over 3 GHz.
Reconfigurable Antennas
Frequency Range: 1-20 GHz
Key Features: CPW version,
Continuous Tuning of time delay over a wide bandwidth
Maturity Level: TRL 3
This miniaturized, reconfigurable CPW square-ring slot antenna integrates nine shunt varactors, and a tuning stub. The varactor loading allows for both miniaturization and reconfigurability, with prototypes demonstrated at 5.3 GHz. DC bias applied through the stub tunes the antenna’s center frequency.
True Time Delay Units
Frequency Range: 1-20 GHz
Key Features: CPW version, Continuous Tuning of time delay
over a wide bandwidth
Maturity Level: TRL 4
Similar to phase control circuits, these time delay circuits use shunt varactors. The time delay is greatest at zero bias and reduces with applied DC bias, showing consistent performance from 7 to 20 GHz with minimal variation. These units can be designed for a wide range of frequencies, including mmWave bands.
Precision Phase Control Circuit
Frequency Range: 1-40 GHz
Key Features: CPW version, Continuous Analog Phase Control
over a wide bandwidth
Maturity Level: TRL 4
Precision phase control circuits employ shunt varactors in a CPW transmissiom line to manage phase shifts. The amount of phase shift depends on the number of varactors, with a typical
figure of merit at 30 degrees/dB for Ku band, offering consistent performance over a wide bandwidth.
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